The new rules are also a test of the impact and durability of emissions-targeting regulations (i.e., sticks), in an era when most climate policymakers have shifted focus to subsidies and industrial policy (i.e., carrots). They are certain to face an avalanche of lawsuits, and would probably be scrapped on Donald Trump’s first day in the White House if re-elected. Changes to grid permitting, rather than EPA regulation, “will determine the power industry’s emissions trajectories into the 2030s,” Devin Hartman, director of energy and environmental policy at the conservative-leaning R Street Institute, wrote this week.